For most of us, wealth is built slowly. It requires some straightforward planning: putting aside regular savings, using the available tax wrappers and protecting assets you cannot afford to lose.

Below are some pointers on important steps to take, and a few pitfalls to avoid, along the road to a healthy financial future.

1.       Start an ISA

ISAs are a simple way to protect your savings and investments from tax. Everyone can save up to £20,000 into an ISA per year in cash or stocks & shares, or a mixture of both.

If you have a cash ISA, you won’t pay any tax on the interest you receive, while for stock market investment ISAs, there’s no capital gains tax to pay when you sell your holdings or on any income you receive.

2.       Contribute to a pension

As of 6 April 2018 the full flat rate state pension is £164.35 a week, but this is unlikely to be sufficient to cover all your needs.

It’s important to think about how much money you will need once you stop working. Once you have an idea what your target income should be, review your planning each year to check if you are on target to reach your goal.

For every £1 you pay into a pension, the government pays in an extra 25p. If you are a higher rate taxpayer, then an extra 25p is available through your annual self-assessment. Once your money is invested, it can grow free of capital gains and income tax.

You can contribute 100% of your salary, up to a maximum of £40,000 (your annual allowance). If you haven’t used your annual allowance in the previous three years, you can carry this forward.

3.       Use your allowances

As of 6 April 2018, unless you earn over £123,700, you have a personal allowance of £11,850 – the amount of money you can earn before you pay any income tax.

Unless you’re an additional rate taxpayer, you also have a personal savings allowance, which is the amount of income you can earn on your savings before tax. This is £1,000 for basic rate taxpayers and £500 for higher rate taxpayers.

You also have a dividend allowance where you can earn up to £2,000.

If you’ve made a gain on investments held outside of an ISA or pension, then you can make use of your capital gains tax allowance (£11,700) to realise some gains tax-free. If an asset is held jointly with a spouse, both can use the annual allowance against the gain, effectively doubling the tax-free amount.

4.       Avoid the 60% tax trap

Once your income reaches £100,000, your personal allowance is reduced by a rate of £1 for every £2 of additional income until it reaches zero. This means earnings between £100,000 and £123,700 are effectively taxed at 60%.

You can reduce your income by making a contribution to a pension or donating money to a charity that is eligible for gift aid. HMRC deducts gross pension contributions and charitable donations from the total of all your income when it checks how much your personal allowance should be.

5.       Split assets between married couples / civil partners

Married couples and civil partners are taxed separately on jointly held assets. If you have a joint savings account, you will each pay tax on half the interest earned from this. If one partner is basic rate or a non-tax payer and the other pays tax at the higher rates, transferring the whole of the account to the lower earning individual reduces the tax you pay overall.

Care should be taken over the Financial Services Compensation Scheme which refunds up to £85,000 if a bank collapses (£170,000 for joint accounts). If your savings are above this, consider splitting them between different banks.

If you give someone an asset you usually have to pay capital gains tax on the profit you would have made, had the asset been sold rather than given away. However, this rule doesn’t apply to gifts between partners. An asset that produces income, such as a share portfolio or a rental property, can therefore be owned by a lower earning partner for income tax purposes.

6.       Beware of drawing lump sums from your pension

Those aged 55+ are able to draw unlimited sums from pensions. Using your pension savings to fund projects such as home improvements can seem attractive, but you should think carefully before proceeding: pension withdrawals can easily lead to unnecessary and unexpected tax liabilities.

When you draw money out of a pension you can usually take 25% of the total tax free, but the rest is subject to income tax. For example, if you wanted a lump sum of £20,000, then £5,000 would be tax free, but £15,000 would be taxable at your marginal rate. The first time you draw money from your pension, the pension company deducts tax on a ‘Month One’ basis (emergency tax). This means HMRC assumes you will receive the same amount on a monthly basis for the rest of the tax year and taxes it accordingly. You can apply for a refund.

If you take income from your pension you are likely to be subject to the Money Purchase Annual Allowance. This means you can only contribute £4,000 to a pension each year, rather than the standard £40,000.

7.       Watch out for Child Benefit tax charges

If you claim Child Benefit and either you or your partner earn more than £50,000 then you could face a tax charge. The charge is 1% of the Child Benefit received for every £100 that your income is over £50,000. For example, if you receive £1,076 a year in Child Benefit and your salary is £53,000 you will pay £322.80 additional tax. If income was £60,000, then all the Child Benefit would be reclaimed through additional taxation.

You can reduce your income by making pension contributions or charitable donations. If you can reduce your income below £50,000 then you escape the tax charge entirely.

8.       Have a contingency plan

It’s important to consider how you would cope financially in an emergency such as losing your job, or suffering a long period of poor health. If you are able, try to hold at least six month’s expenditure in cash deposits so you can easily access these.

You should also consider what would happen if you weren’t able to work through illness. Most employers will only pay your salary for a limited time, once this limit is reached you will be moved onto Statutory Sick Pay and eventually onto state benefits.

There are various types of insurance policy which can protect against the financial effects of ill-health:

• Income protection – pays a proportion of your salary until you reach retirement or return to work.
• Critical illness insurance – pays a lump sum if you’re diagnosed with a critical medical condition such as cancer or multiple sclerosis.
• Accident, sickness or unemployment insurance – this is sometimes called Payment Protection Insurance as it usually relates to a specific payment, such as your mortgage or a loan. The payments are short-term.

9.       Arrange life assurance

If you are the main breadwinner for your family, you should think about how they would cope financially if you passed away. You might have ‘death-in-service’ benefit through your employer which provides a lump sum based on your salary if you die while in employment. If you don’t have this you might also consider:

• Mortgage protection – ensures your mortgage will be paid off on death. A mortgage protection policy is usually cheaper than a standard life assurance policy because the amount that is paid on death reduces each year in line with the outstanding balance of your mortgage.
• Life assurance – also known as ‘Term assurance’ – this simply pays a lump sum on death, and may be used to supplement any ‘death-in-service’ benefit provided by your employer.
• Family income benefit – this provides a regular payment over a specified number of years rather than a lump sum. This type of policy is useful if you think your family will struggle to maintain their current lifestyle without your income, and can be cheaper than a policy that pays a lump sum.

10.   Write a will

Most people think assets will automatically pass to their spouse or civil partner if they die, but this isn’t necessarily the case. If you die without a valid will your assets will be dealt with according to the laws of intestacy. If you have children, your partner may not get all your assets and it could take some time for the division of assets to be decided.

Having a will is particularly important if you cohabit but are not married or in a civil partnership. You should take care to review your will following major life events, especially the birth of children, divorce or dissolution of a partnership.

Jeannie Boyle is director & chartered financial planner at EQ Investors